Chapter 2 Ap World History Summary

Chapter 2 AP World History Summery Each civilization faces challenges from politics to environment and everything in between. This chapter explains how each society became urbanized even though it was very tough. Nubia, China, Olmec, and Chavin are connected though each are separated by millions of miles and geological isolation. In China, dynasties rule all over the land; the Shang dynasty begins China’s history with the rise of power of it’s clans. It contains the earliest recorded writing documents, and they introduced bronze during 2000 B.C. E. The region was ran by a warrior aristocracy who loved warfare, hunting, exchanging, feasting, and wine revelry; the King of Shang always traveled for courts of his subordinates to reinforce their loyalty. Nomadic people that owned desert regions, or steppe lands were given demonstration power also. Religion in the Shang dynasty was enforced, the Kings used divination to determine the will of their ancestors and Gods to win fa vor. Nubia is located in the Nile River Valley and was over run by the Egyptians because of they have gold mines.After Egypt took charge, Nubia became Kush and adapted the Egyptian culture. Nubia decided to help local Palestine who struggled with the Assyrians in 701 B. C. E. ; this was a mistake because the Assyrians invaded and overthrown Egypt so that made a downfall for Nubia. After a while, Nubia became in control again, they still kept the Egyptian language, however Sub-Saharan culture replaced the Egyptian culture when Meroe became better suited for agriculture and trade. On the other side of the world, the Olmec civilization is completely isolated from the world.It’s located in Mesoamerica which is one of the most impressive early civilizations. The King’s Power was used to make people build large scale irrigation and drainage works, and by the 1000 B. C. E, they have become a civilization. In addition to the geological isolation, Olmec have frequent volcanic e ruptions and earth quakes, and mountains that separate the region into micro environments. Evolution developed into urbanization and appearance of powerful political and religious elites. The people were very advanced for their time; they made he calendar and based their urban centers to reflect astronomical observations. The Olmec civilization influenced the Mayans and considered the most influential earliest Mesoamerican civilization. The most impressive early Urban South American civilization is Chavin. It’s home to the most dense population. Maize increased the food supply of the coast and interior foothills, thus, allowing greater leverage for civilization. They have a form of political integration and trade dependency on it’s neighbors that may have relied on military force.Their religion was based on praising their royal ancestors and gods that can take on animal form. The most praised animal is the Jaguar; human sacrifices were made at temple platforms. These c ivilizations became very complex as they advance with technologies, science, and math mathematics. Power was taken away, and given to in each society, and some are diminishing before us. They may be separated and isolated from each other by mountains, water, and hemispheres, but that doesn't separate the development of each economic institutions politically, socially, and economically.

American Literature in the 19th Century Essay

Much has been said about America being the â€Å"Land of Opportunity† throughout history. From Columbus, to Walt Whitman, to present times, American society and its values differed quite a bit from American society and its values today. As these values have changed, so have the opportunities that present themselves within society, such as the ability to write about certain issues or topics. This means that the topics of literature have changed drastically along with the times as well. Much of the time, these issues and topics covered in pieces of American Literature are controversial: slavery, racism, ethnocentrism, women’s rights, and the qualities needed to obtain the opportunities America provides for people. That is why in order to be considered American Literature, the piece must characterize or define American values, morals, ideals, or standards in some way, whether it is to represent them or to oppose them. To Crevecoeur, who was not an American by birthright, but a visitor who considered America his home, America is the embodiment of opportunity. Crevecoeur marks America as a place where oppressed people are able to come and pursue their own freedoms, self-interests, and independence. It is a place where any hard working man can earn economic stability for his family; a place of humility and new ideas. Crevecoeur explains through his character, Farmer James, that an American farmer possesses, â€Å"freedom of action, freedom of thoughts, ruled by a mode of government which requires but little from us†. He speaks of â€Å"national pride† when realizing there are no aristocratical families, no invisible power giving to a few a very visible one. The rich and the poor are not so far removed from each other as they are in Europe. And finally, Crevecoeur claims that Americans are â€Å"All animated with the spirit of an industry which is unferrered and unrestrained,† which means that as long as the people of the nation work hard, they will be able to achieve whatever they wish. These are the reasons why America is the â€Å"melting pot† it is today, because people during Crevecoeur’s time period that came from other countries viewed America as an escape to all their oppression and problems. This was the American dream or ideal: through industriousness, you could provide a better life for your family in America. Since Crevecoeur believed he could have freedom of thought and action in America, he was also more sympathetic to the rights of African-Americans, who were being used as slaves during the time, and Native Americans. Crevecoeur found slavery to be a terrible institution, speaking out on behalf of the enslaved African-Americans by saying, â€Å"Forced from their native country, cruelly treated? They are neither soothed by the hopes that their slavery will ever terminate? mildness of their treatment? † Crevecoeur also asserts through Farmer James, â€Å"Though our erroneous prejudices and opinions once induced us to look upon them as fit only for slavery? With us they are now free? they are in general become a new set of beings,† showing his general consideration for the African-Americans. As for Crevecoeur’s standpoint on Native Americans, Farmer James makes the observation that, â€Å"they are as stout and well made as the Europeans? they are in many instances superior to us†. Obviously, Crevecoeur held the belief that the African-American and Native American populations could provide contributions to society and should not looked down upon as inferior â€Å"savages† by the white man. Rather, the white man should be willing to set good examples through gentleness to make them socially acceptable. To Crevecoeur, a country could never truly flourish with an imprudent system such as slavery in place, which was quite a progressive stance for the time. It took a lot of courage to speak out for what he believed in, because it went against mainstream America’s majority belief of superiority over the slaves and the Natives. While minority cultures were fighting for equal rights amongst the whites, females were also fighting for equal rights amongst the men. Female writers and activists such as Judith Sergeant Murray openly protested the typical female virtues set for women of the 19th Century, and before, by society. She did not want to be submissive and obedient. She wanted females to vote, to own property, and to have a life outside the household. In her Letters on the Equality of Sexes, she outwardly condemns these â€Å"virtues†, and she addresses the fact that men shun a woman for having dreams of equal opportunities. Then, she vents about the undeniably constant battle between women and men, because their lives and work are only valued at half that of men. â€Å"Though sensibility, soft compassion, and gentle commiseration are inmates in the female bosom, yet against every deep laid art, altogether fearless of the vent, we will set them array; for assuredly the wreath of victory will encircle the spotless brow†. What makes texts on the equality of the sexes so special is that they have felt the direct effects of oppression based on the white male patriarchal society set before them, and they are attempting to use their experience as modes for change in that society so others will not have to suffer as they have. Even before certain issues such as equal rights for women and racism were brought up in American, the land obviously had to be explored. The stories of exploration are a great place to begin looking at how this great country developed. They give us a good sense of the type of land and people of the time when our country was just getting started. These types of writing help us develop a definition of American Literature because they were some of the first documented texts and they give us a good foundation of details about the cultures back then. A major role of Early American Literature would be that it gives us a clearer sense of the life and culture of the time it was written in or about. The exploration stories of Columbus are able to do that for us as readers. Columbus’ story is a good starting description of America because it gives the readers of his letters an idea of what the land itself was like. He used his words to paint a positive image of the new land and was convincing people back home that their money was well spent on the exploration. Although this work doesn’t exactly define any American morals or values, it is necessary to literature because it is the first good taste we get of what America was like. Columbus used his work to more or less â€Å"sell† the New World to anyone who would read about it. He described the people and the culture there as delightful and entertaining. The works of Columbus go along with the definition of American Literature because it gave readers a good feel of what the â€Å"land of opportunity† had to offer them. Determination is a vital characteristic one must have when getting on their feet in the land of opportunity. Without determination, a man might as well not even try to make a like for himself and his family. In John Smith’s Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles, that is exemplified. John Smith and the voyagers that traveled along with him experience plenty of hardship during their trek. Within the first ten days of their trip, many people were sick due to lack of a healthy diet and sufficient lodging. During this time, Captain Smith often left himself shortchanged to benefit the health of his crew. One day, while Smith was attempting to make trades, he was shot in the leg by some savages and taken hostage. At this point is when the text takes a turn to define values of America. Smith remains determined to make the best of the situation and stays totally polite and collected towards the savages. After spending time as a hostage, they developed a great deal of respect for Smith and personally escorted him back through their village to his camp. From this time on, every other week or so, Pocahontas would bring the settlers of Jamestown enough provisions so that they could lead a healthy life and continue to flourish. I consider this particular text a good example of American Literature because it shows characteristics that were necessary to live during the early development of America. The works of Paine and Jefferson are a great summary of the overall view of what America is as an idea and an ideal. They describe characteristics of true American men and women. Throughout their texts, they reiterate many of the visions of Crevecoeur. America is described as a vision of a place where people could come and be free to start a life of their choice. The pursuit of happiness and success were key points mentioned as well. When an outsider of America came to our country, they came to learn and embody things such as practicality, progressiveness, tolerance, self reliance and education for all. All of these things were mentioned again and again throughout the pieces of Paine and Jefferson, which makes them a great example of impact literature. The beauty of American Literature is also the hardest part of coming to a distinct, tangible definition of what it is. The freedom of speech and expression through American Literature is so broad, as are what American values, morals, and standards are exactly, that American Literature can be in the form of travel or slave narratives, speeches, poetry, letters, autobiographies, myths, etc. However, it is evident that in any of these genres of literature, they constantly contain American values, morals, ideals, and standards. And in order to progressively move into the future, there must be literature to stand by or and oppose these American values, morals, ideals, and standards, just as the great American authors of the past have.

Background Of The Industry Economics Essay

Background Of The Industry Economics Essay Since the middle of the twentieth century, many economic goes ups and downs, the pioneer of the world have seen many fundamental and far-reaching changes within society. The obvious view is the amelioration in economic wealth, has considered the improvements in standards of living for the ensemble of people living and working in these countries. These alterations have enhanced the improved productivity and redistribution of the workforce. Leisure and Hospitality industry has become part of integral industries that helps to improve in economic wealth, not only in Malaysia but in most countries. It can regard as a complementary of tourism industry. As it is an income generator by using sources of country to attract foreigners to come over and flourish other industries too. For instances, tourists who fly over Malaysia will have an opportunity to fumble a new investment and attempt to involve it, this might help our economy grow well because of the inflow currency injection. But first, what exactly is leisure and hospitality industry? This sector is made up of two parts, which are the arts, entertainment and recreation sector and accommodation and food service sector. The  arts, entertainment, and recreation  sector include a vast range of constructions that operate facilities or services provided to cater variety of cultural, entertainment, and recreational interests of their patrons, examples like theme park, shopping mall, theme museum. (Leisure and Hospitality Industry)For the most part, it is built luxury-based, evade from the fundamental needs.  While the accommodation and food services  sector comprises constructions providing customers with lodging and preparing meals, snacks, and beverages for consumption, examples like famous food, hotel with different rated and superior services.This service-based industry thrives on the leisure activities of patrons. This kind of business that the hospitality industry garners is momentary, but it accounts a la rge sum of its revenue. Therefore, with the subtle leisure and hospitality industry will push the tourism industry up. (What Is the Hospitality Industry?) Leisure and hospitality industry had indirectly developed in so many aspects too such as land, country, other businesses and it also decrease the unemployment rate too. For the land development, hospitality experts did a good job of flourishing some unused spaces and built a glamorous building on it to accommodate tourist that need place to stay and obtain income from that way. With the phosphorous of hospitality industry, there have few rates of hotels for tourist to choose whether which will appropriate for them. For examples, Genting Highland Malaysia has a few different rate of hotel in the small same site to let the tourists have as much as choices to select their apposite hotels. For the development of other businesses, such as food, stores, theme parks and shopping malls will glowing too due to the intrude of leisure and ho spitality industry. In contra versa, tourists maybe interesting in food or theme park or cultures of a country and tend to come over for that specific intention, this will also enhance the leisure and hospitality industry. For an actual example, Singapore recently has constructed a new theme park, Universal Studio and Casino have attracted a lot of foreigners spend their time in that country to regale themselves. Exceptional service is usually very important for. Customer satisfaction like what they purposely come for, usually leads to consumer loyalty, which helps to ensure the success of a company in the hospitality industry.

Primary NQT statement Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Primary NQT - Personal Statement Example I am also familiar with 'P scales' assessing SEN children's current ability and levels. This assisted me in planning and setting future targets for the children. I am able to work effectively and to follow new guidelines, procedures and instructions independently or in a team and to deliver lessons in class to children of all abilities. While working as teaching assistant I have also read bilingual stories to children with English language difficulties. Thus, I can interpret and explain stories to children in order to better understanding the meaning in English. I fluently speak, read and write in Bengali, Urdu and Arabic. In addition I am competent in a variety of Asian languages such as Bengali, Urdu, Hindi and Punjabi. Therefore, I am able to communicate with parents who have difficulties in expressing themselves in English. I feel it is important to build up a good and trustworthy I have successfully passed an in-depth Frist Aid course and I have profound knowledge and experience in health and safety procedures for children and parents within the educational environment. This involves strict supervision of the children within the educational setting. I have experience in teaching across all year groups and I have the confidence to keep discipline. My early placement was at Rebecca Cheetham Nursery and Ed... There I was faced with the challenge to apply the learned theories in practice and the gained experience made me aware of the age group changing activities and learning developments. At Rebecca Cheetham Nursery and Education Centre I have the possibility to incorporate a "float" role which involved changing nappies, providing regular snacks and supervising children's activities. My other placement was in Ranelagh Primary School in Newham. Working where added to my enhancing teaching experience and I was allowed to undertake additional management tasks and monitoring other members of the staff. The Ranelagh Primary School in Newham was a contrasting experience, because it had a multicultural environment and diverse social aspects. What I benefitted most there was the irreplaceable experience to teach children from various cultural and social background and to teach them how to interact with each other. Trying to construct the individuality in every child, while addressing his uniquene ss is a rewarding education practice. My first teaching experiece was as a volunteer. My responsibilities included teaching and assisting the developmental progress of children from 3 - 5 years of age. I was able to plan, prepare, assess and deliver activities, which were appropriate to meet the needs of the children. Maintaining daily records was required to follow children's social, physical and behavioural progress. I am a GTP trainer teacher and while working as a teaching assistant at Plaistow Primary school I have worked with children from Nursery age to the age of 6. The job position required working with children who have communication, physical and behavioural difficulties. My daily responsibility includes satisfying the basic needs of the children as well as developing their

Higher Education and Employment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Higher Education and Employment - Essay Example The majority of the people are attaining degrees and having opportunities to study further. This has drastically and immensely increased over the years in the U.K and all over the world. Now around 40% of the people now move on to proceed with advanced education. Though the expansion of education has benefits it also carries on demerits. A concern of a lot of people being overqualified and having more than is required is increasing. As a lot of commentators are arguing there would soon be a problem of ‘oversupply’ since the number of people available and looking for employment and are backed with degrees are most and are even exceeding the present number of work vacancies available. The other problem faced would be the loads of people who have attained degrees can neither get their graduate jobs or are get payment lower than they are entitled to. The graduates also may earn less than those that stopped their education at the A levels or even earlier. A recent survey in t he U.K has shown that many of the employers have increased their demand of skilled workers rather than the graduates. It has been projected that skilled employees have more efficient and impressive work than the graduates themselves who are backed with certificates and credentials, but do not have enough skills needed for the work itself. In the government reviews recently, in 2006, the number of skilled workers has substantially increased from one out of five in the year 1984 to at least 27 % in the year 2004 and is still showing an increase to date as projected (Vignoles, 2008). The trend reassures and shows that there is room in the job market available to accommodate more and more skilled workers and graduates even with the increase in numbers. Considering the world, we are heading in even economists project that there would be a higher demand for skilled workers rather than the graduates themselves in the future. In addition, the need for the skilled workers is also taking a to ll in the higher increase. This can act as a re-assurance for the people considering joining higher-level education or not. Surveys, however, tend to give graduates a bad vibe. The works say that graduates have in the recent past seen a decrease in their relative earnings. Comparing a graduate and a person that stopped their education at their A levels, but has enough skills; the latter earns a slightly higher earnings of about 30% more than the former. Where we might be reaching, degrees may be losing their value. Other evidences support such worries that around one third of graduates fail to get a graduate level-job. However, not all graduates struggle to find jobs. Some degrees are able to achieve much higher wage premiums than others. There is a huge and large variation of earnings of graduates with people. With that said, the major and industry a student happens to choose ultimately has an enormous impact on the earnings they are going to get in the future. For example, those w ith bachelor’s degrees who work in science technology, science, or engineering earn much higher on average than the graduates with advanced degrees of any level who work in fields such as education, sales, and community services (Vignoles, 2008). This shows that no matter the level attainment or the field of study, earning a degree is much helpful and often integral to a huge financial success later in life. Researchers also show that not only is a degree, not worth it, but also has it premiums growing vastly. In some study, it has been shown that the minorities; the women earn much less than the males in terms of wages. In order for women the women who want to earn more premiums than what their male counterparts do,

Our foolish thoughts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Our foolish thoughts - Essay Example On the other hand, Gray Sloan in his essay "Sleuthing Patriotic Slogans" argues in satirical way about the words used in patriotic slogans. Since the time Sloan has been learning and teaching language, he has been also analyzing the grammar usage in today's patriotic slogans. Even though he finds errors in grammar structure of those slogans, he does not care much about that, because he concerns more about the meaning of those slogans. However, both authors are worried about the eloquence in today's public speeches and patriotic slogans would be used by people in power to hypnotize and fool American people. Jacoby uses the word "folks" as an example of the change in political terms. Politicians these days usually use the term "folks" to address Americans instead of â€Å"people or â€Å"ladies and gentlemen† like in the old days. Jacoby wonders why this term is used these days especially after she finds out that the term "folks" has never been used before as a political term. "The word "folks" was once a colloquialism with no political meaning" (395). She believes that using colloquial terms in today's public speeches is a way of isolating American people from political decisions, which downgrades them like if they were ineligible for such decisions. As she declares: The specific political use of folks as an exclusionary and inclusionary signal, designed to make speaker sound like one of the boys or girls, is symptomatic of a debasement of public speech inseparable from a more general erosion of American culture standards. Casual colloquial language also conveys an implicit denial of the seriousness or whatever issue being debated: talking about folks going off to war is the equivalent of describing rape victims as girls (395). Unlike today's politicians, former leaders were trying to use simple words to let people understand their speech but without debasement of a public speech. However, Jacoby also concerns about the change of the term "soldiers" to " troops" by politicians and media. Jacoby states that some people in media or military media claim that the term "soldiers" would be offensive for women who have joined the army as "Dimwits", since they claim that the term "soldier" sounds masculine that is not true. Jacoby believes that the reason behind the change of that term is to magnify the news about the war and its losses. She links the change in both terms "folks" and "troops" to the debasement of speeches as she states: â€Å"Like unremitting appeals to folks, the victory of troops over soldiers offers an impressive illustration of the relationship between fuzzy thinking and the debasement of everyday speech" (396). Just as Jacoby who does not define the debase speech as one that simply uses prosaic grammar structure, Sloan almost has the same concerns about the signs and billboards, posters and stickers emblazoned with patriotic slogans such as "United We Stand," "Support the Troops," "Pray for the Troops," "Let Freedom R ing," "Home of the Brave," "God Bless America" which can be met everywhere in his hometown. His main argument is about the way the slogans are written and what they really mean. He analyzes those patriotic slogans and criticizes them satirically. In addition, he finds some of them are contradictive and unrealistic. For example, â€Å"Let Freedom Ring† and â€Å"United We Stand†, he believes that those two patriotic slogans are conflict with each other, as he wonders â€Å"

Substitution and Income Effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Substitution and Income Effects - Essay Example Substitution effect pertains to the substitution that a consumer resorts to by substituting one product for other owing to the change in the relative prices of the two products (Pass, Lowes & Davies, 1993). Usually the shrinking in the price of a commodity is accompanied by an enhanced demand for it. A fraction of this increased demand occurs owing to the substitution effect. For instance, a fall in the price of gasoline, considering that the price of some alternate fuels like ethanol or LPG remains the same will make gasoline more attractive to me, thereby inducing me to substitute gasoline for the relatively more expensive fuel options. My choice of fuel for my auto also depends on the income impact effect by the change in the price of a fuel option. For instance, a fall in the price of gasoline will make me purchase more of it owing to a rise in my real income (Pass, Lowes & Davies, 1993). If my budget for auto fuel is $100 and say the price of gasoline is $10 per gallon, I can pu rchase 10 gallons of gasoline. Now, if the price of gasoline falls to $5 per gallon, I can buy 20 gallons of gasoline from the same budgetary allocation of $100 or in other words I can buy 10 gallons of gasoline for $50. Hence, I am left with an extra $50 to spend on purchasing more of gasoline or other goods I need. It is the substitution effect combined with income effect that explain as to why demand curves are mostly downward sloping. For instance, I can explain the substitution effect and income effect for a price increase in gasoline (X) on my fuel purchasing preferences by the below given graph. An increase in the price of gasoline causes my budget line for fuel to shift from B1 to B2. Suppose that my auto could run on both gasoline (X) and ethanol (Y). So I change my fuel consumption from the bundle of gasoline and ethanol represented by A to the bundle of gasoline and ethanol represented by B. This shift from A to B is indicative of the total effect of the change in the pri ce of gasoline. This fall in the amount purchased of gasoline from X1 to X2 occurs owing to two reasons. First it is the substitution effect because gasoline is now costlier than ethanol. Second it’s the income effect because my real budge

Leadership essence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Leadership essence - Essay Example The trait theory postulates that leaders are born rather than made. It emphasizes nature over nurture. Most research on trait theory is coalesced around the qualities of distinguished leaders compared to non-leaders or followers. Trait approach focuses on the type of people that become leaders, and this process provides organizations with information on the qualities to look for when selecting leaders for different positions of leadership (Conger& Riggio, 2012, pp. 12). Style approach focuses on the behavior of leaders rather than personal traits of leaders. Style approach posits that since a leaders behavior can be changed, and; therefore, there is need to train leaders on the right leadership qualities. Stogdill et al worked on leadership style with a focus on consideration and initiating structure and define them two styles as follows: The consideration style is where leaders show concern for their subordinates so as to earn their trust and, as a result, improve response and promote camaraderie (Conger& Riggio, 2012, pp.14). Initiating structure is a style where leaders define closely and clearly their expectations of subordinates in accomplishment of designated schedules. Some researchers have suggested that a combination of both consideration and initiating structure was the best leadership style. Korman in his study observed that the two styles were plagued by inconsistent results. He suggested that the effectiveness of the two types of leadership behavior was situation wise contingent; that is, what worked well in some situations failed in others (Gill 2012, pp. 63). Proponents of the contingency approach emphasize on the situational factors when defining leadership. They tend to specify situational variables that moderate the effectiveness of different leadership approaches. The most prominent exemplar of the contingency approach is Fiedler’s

Social Psychology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Social Psychology - Assignment Example Second, when I was in my college, my mother once asked me to clean up my cupboards and bookshelves and I would delay the task out of my laziness. After some days, when I finally decided to obey, I emptied my cupboards only to find out that my favorite T-shirt, which I had bought with my own pocket money for the farewell party, had been eaten up by insects! How I wished I had listened to my mom. Third, on a serious note, my mother stopped me from being too submissive to my fiancà ©, but I did not listen to her. I would listen to my fiancà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s crappy things he talked about my parents but could not do anything because I was too much involved. He took advantage and defeated me psychologically. After months, I found out that a person does not get respect from anybody if he does not respect himself. By definition, â€Å"counterfactuals are mental representations of alternatives to the past and produce consequences that are both beneficial and aversive to the individual† (Roese, 1997, p. 133). The three events I mentioned relate to upward counterfactual thinking. I could have said no to my friend who asked me for combined study and that would have led to my staying at home and studying properly for a high grade. Here, I am thinking about a better consequence that would have resulted if I had altered my action and had come up with a better decision. Again, if I had listened to my mom about cleaning up my cupboard, I could have saved my favorite T-shirt. Once again, a better result could have achieved by altering my action. Also, if I had listened to my mom about not letting my fiancà © say abusive things about my family, I could have succeeded in gaining a respectful place in my his eyes and could have made him respect me. I could have saved the relationship by pondering deeply upon the facts of life. The regrets I described are â€Å"feelings† while these counterfactuals are

War Letters Essay Example for Free

War Letters Essay The war letters, written in different years, not only revealed different emotions of the writers but also gave some hints of what circumstances and danger, they were facing during those times. These letters also expressed their dreams, motivations, purposes, beliefs and the things that they stand or fight for. The war letters, no matter in what time frames they were written, possess many themes in common such as: love, longing, pride, anxiety, hope and encouragement. Also, the people who wrote the letters were really proud and were always willing to sacrifice their lives for the country. They have been serving their country with honor, pride and dignity from the past up to present. However, still each letter is different from one another. They express different degrees of patriotism, affection, and different beliefs or stands and purpose. First, we will cite the similarities among the letters, their common themes and emotions expressed. Afterwards, we will differentiate each letter from one another in terms of their degrees in expression of patriotism, affection and other ideas. Lastly, we will compare three examples of war letters from the War on Terror. The letters were written by the family to the men in uniform who were deployed to certain places to engage with military activities to protect their nation and those written by the soldiers themselves for their family whom they have left, shared common themes. Affection, hope and love are the most common subject that these letters have (Gilderlehrman. org, 2006). The letters usually start with the lines about missing and longing for each other. These are one of the major conflicts and problems that they all deal with. Like what was said from the letter from Tonya Stives to his husband Army Master Sgt. Rahamon Phillips who has been in uniform for 16 years: â€Å"I just can’t figure out how not to miss you every day, all day. Nothing can prepare me for not missing you (militarycity. com). † The letters were also full of inspiring words and that expressing affection. They encourage and boost the self-esteem of the officers by telling them how proud they are of the soldiers. For example, Harman wrote a letter to his Uncle Albert to praise the bravery and dedication of his cousin, Thomas Garber during the Civil war on September 17, 1862 (virginia. edu). The messages from the family to the soldiers often made use of the term â€Å"hero† to refer to the recipients. Furthermore, they put more importance on the military work and duty than on their desire to be together. The family gave their full support for the soldiers. Moreover, all of them were martyrs who took the sacrifices optimistically. The families want the soldiers to stay safe and focus on their missions. Also, they thought and look at this separation in a positive way. For instance, they looked at it as a way to strengthen their relationship. The family who wrote the letters chose their words properly as not to hurt the feelings and not to make the soldiers worry in any case. Like for example, one of the letters from Holly to her husband Army Staff Sgt. Edward Nicorvo, described the disadvantages of not having her husband in their home but in a lighter way just as to put some humor on the letter (militarycity. com). The feeling of anxiety by the families left behind was never gone in the letters. They are always worried for their beloved heroes because they don’t have any idea to where he or she is right now and under what situations. Furthermore, of course, the letters won’t end without expressing the excitement for the return of the officer. The other common purposes of the war letters are: to reminisce over moments together or moments right before they parted ways; to show that the recipient is remembered and to provide comfort; to assure him or her that he is not alone in that fight and that their prayers are always with him. We can observe in the letters in some aspects that time stands still. The year or decades when the letters were written were irrelevant upon looking at the basic messages of the letters. From the past up to the recent wars in America, the letters still revolved around the basic themes and still have the purposes stated above. They all expressed patriotism. The family expressed it in the way of showing support and understanding the soldiers in this fight. The soldiers, on the other hand, willingly sacrifice their time with their families and their very own lives. This reflects on the letter of Sullivan Balou to his wife expressing his fear about death and how he might not be able to spend time with their sons (civil-war. net). The soldiers have a common goal: They all fight to protect the freedom of the future generation. This is a very interesting passage which illustrates this: â€Å"I listened to an audio book on the way here, â€Å"No End Save Victory,† a collection of letters and stories from WW II. It got me thinking that this situation, and the people in it, is not that much different. They were citizen-soldiers, too. They didn’t want to leave home, but they did. They lived under difficult situations. But they felt a sense of obligation, of duty, so they did the job they had to do. And got it done. Then they went back to their homes and their lives. And built the world we live in today. The same thing is going to happen here. We’re not so different (Sandy D. , a mobilized Air Force Reserve officer from Lubbock, Texas,). † The letters, although alike in many ways, still have differed from each other. First, they differ in the intensity of affection. When the recipient and the sender have been together for quite a long period of time, the letters have less affectionate words. They focus on updating the one deployed. Maybe this is because they are used of the separation. They also differ on the passion of the men in uniform to serve their country. Some soldiers’ letter expressed less patriotic thoughts and focused more on the comforts that they missed at home. While some letters revealed many enthusiasms in serving the country. For example, is a letter from General Riedesel to his wife written in 1776 (Louise et al, 1867). He believed that God has placed him in his present calling. Second, only some of the letters have great sense of hope. Like that one written by Sgt. Gary Teal recently deployed to Kandahar, Afghanistan (militarycity. com). Some of the letters are not fully patriotic and are more concerned with themselves and personal worries: â€Å"How do I steel myself against the uncertainty that each day brings? How do I ensure that, when I fall asleep, sweet dreams of my loving wife await me instead of the conflict raging around me? How do I fill the hole in my heart caused by not being there to watch my son grow and experience the wonders of life? How do I pass to my son the values of honor and selfless service you gave me? (Army Capt. Clark C. Hatch for his father)† Next, only some of the letters stated affirmative words about the troop they have been working together. How wonderful the people they are with and what great family they have built together. I also noticed that gender role somehow, evolved from the 1860’s in comparison to the present. Before, male soldiers are more prominent and common. There were rarely or almost no female participants in the war. Like what we can see in the letters written by Thomas Lucas and family during the civil war (Sauerburger and Bayard, 2007). Nevertheless, six years ago (in 2003), there were many women in uniform deployed to Afghanistan and many participated in the Operation Enduring Freedom. Like the three daughters of Laurie Pocsi, a single mom and certified public accountant in Wayne, N. J (militarycity. com). Those are some of the similarities and differences of the war letters from different years. Now, I have read three different war letters during the War on terror or War on Terrorism (militarycity. com). One is from Marine Sgt. Tony Watkins who deployed in early November 2001 for Operation Enduring Freedom. The next one is from Marine Corps Reserve Lt. Col. Tom D. Barna for his son. Moreover, the last letter was from Lance Cpl. Joshua Phillips, who was based in Kandahar, Afghanistan, during Operation Enduring Freedom, for his family. These three letters have similarities and differences as well. They are similar to each other and to the other letters before if we are to consider the main message and common themes implied in the letters. These letters stated some things about longing for loved ones, affection, patriotism and updates. They differ in the fact that some letters are more dramatic and expressed love of the country more convincingly. Also, they differ on their implied purposes of fighting against the terrorists. As illustrations let me share some of the significant lines from the three letters. This one is from Tony Watkins: â€Å"The emotions of seeing this large symbol of what we are here for was almost more than I could hold down. This flag made of simple cloth re-emphasized to all who saw it that they were here in this desert hole for a reason. Not to exact revenge but to enforce justice (militarycity. com). † We can see here the deep desire of Tony to enforce justice. To seek for those who were responsible for the September 11 attack. Maybe his driving force is the thousands of lives that were lost from the attacks of the terrorists. This second letter was from Tom for his son: â€Å"I will be honest with you: Nothing in my life is greater than serving the Corps, God and country. Even so, I am here for another reason, too — a reason that personally motivates me. I am here so you won’t one day have to come back and finish something we didn’t take care of here and now. † Now we witnessed here a more personal purpose of the father fighting in the war. The third letter from Joshua was just a typical letter for his messages for his family. War letters denote some information regarding the social history of the United States (Blight, 2002). From the past decades up to the present moment, we can see that American citizens haven’t changed that much especially when it comes to patriotism. They are still all the ever protective and ever willing to sacrifice their lives for the sake of future generations. We are all still united. The soldiers didnt fight alone; they have their family behind them making them stronger. This sense of unity was born before and is still living up to these days.I believe that this will continue up to the future. References: Blight, B. W. (2002). Beyond the Battlefield: Race, Memory the American Civil War. Univ of Massachusetts Press. Civil-war. net. (2009). Letters and Diaries. Retrieved on February 5, 2009, from http://www. civil-war. net/searchlinks. asp? searchlinks=Letters%20and%20Diaries Gilderlehrman. org. (2006). Battle Lines: Letters from America’s wars. Retrieved on February 4, 2009 from http://www. gilderlehrman. org/collection/battlelines/index_good. html Luise, F. C. , Riedesel, A. R. and Stone, W. L. (1867). â€Å"Letters and Journals Relating to the War of the American Revolution, and the Capture of the German Troops at Saratoga†. J. Munsell. Miltarycity. com. Letters. Retrieved on February 3, 2009 from http://www. militarycity. com/letters/1-729599. html Sauerburger, D. B. and Bayard, T. L. (2007). â€Å"I Seat Myself to Write you a Few Lines: Civil War and Homestead Letters from Thomas Lucas and Family, VOLUME 2†. Heritage Books Virginia. edu. Letters from: Harman to his Uncle Albert 1862. Retrieved on February 2, 2009, from http://etext. lib. virginia. edu/etcbin/civwarlett-browse? id=A0808

Impact of stakeholder management in the construction industry

Impact of stakeholder management in the construction industry INTRODUCTION This section of the report covers literature by several authors. A literature review: gives an overview of what has been said in the area of project stakeholders and project success , who the key writers are, what are the prevailing theories and hypotheses, what questions are being asked and what methods and methodologies are appropriate and useful (Emerald, 2010). This chapter seeks to investigate the impact of stakeholder management and its contributions to project success in the construction industry. Using the literature review mind map in Figure 2 below, this report will explore principles and concepts on the subject matter to satisfy its main objectives. Figure 1- Literature review mind map (Author) This literature review will satisfy the following project objectives: To explore the principles of stakeholder management and project success. To assess the benefits and challenges of stakeholder management. To correlate a relationship between stakeholder management and project success. To propose a framework for measuring the impact of stakeholder management on project success thereby assessing its impact on project success. To make recommendations for improved stakeholder management practices. Overview of the UK Construction industry The construction industry in the past 30 years has continued to evolve and expand (PMI 2008) and although changes within the industry are relatively slow (Kagioglou et al 1998), one cannot overlook what the construction industry has contributed to the UK economy (Bennett 2003 p.7). The UK construction industry is the sixth largest industry in the UK in terms of turnover (Adamson and Pollington 2006) and it accounts for 10% of the UKs GDP and employs 1.5 million people (Corporate Watch 2002). Recent studies such as Walker (2007 p.101) has shown that the: Construction process also has a challenging and vital task in defining and implementing the stakeholders requirements. This study considered this to be paramount. This was further asserted by McElroy and Mills (2007 p.758) clearly explaining the importance of stakeholder management. This report would discuss stakeholder management in the next section. Overview of Project Stakeholder A review of various literature and study on project stakeholder begs an explanation as to the origin of the word stakeholder. The word stakeholder was first recorded in text in 1708 according to (Ramirez 1999) from the word stake. Although the definition of a project stakeholder may remain debatable (Walker 2007 p.100), There is no consensus as to a common and widely used definition (McElroy and Mills 2007 p.760). It may be suggested that each author defines stakeholder(s) to suit the aim of individual academic research at that particular time. Below are some definitions of a project stakeholder from various literatures. Vollans (2006 p.50-15) defines a project stakeholder as a: person or organisation with vested interest (positive or negative) in the ultimate outcome of the project. According to Olanda and Landin (2005 p.321) it is: a group of people who have vested interest in the success of a project and the environment within which the project operates. While project management for development organizations (PM4DV) (2009 p.71) suggested that stakeholders are: people who have an interest in the project, whose satisfaction is the most critical element to define the success of a project. Other definitions include the ApmBok (2006 p.159) which defines project stakeholders as: all those who have an interest or role in the project or are impacted by the project. For the purpose of this report an alternative definition would be suggested, this definition would incorporate various definitions as seen above. Project stakeholders are: Group(s) of people /Organisation who have an interest in and who can also impact a project positively or negatively within the project life cycle and whose satisfactions are the most critical element to define the success of a project. (Olanda and Landin 2005; project management for development organizations 2009; Apm Bok 2006; Vollans 2006) Projects are made of different stakeholders with different interest in the project. This study would look at the different types of stakeholder next. Types of stakeholders When considering stakeholders types, it could be suggested that person or organisation is not self sufficient hence the word Globalization came into being projects consist of various stakeholders. This can be seen in studies undertaken by Aaltonen and Sivonen (2009 p.132), where the author suggested that identifying the various stakeholders in a project involves taking into account their wants and requirement. Project stakeholders as identified by Kloppenborg (2009); Aaltonen and Sivonen (2009) are divided into internal and external stakeholders. This can further be subdivided into primary and secondary stakeholders. Identifying both the primary and secondary stakeholders will help the project manager establish the project requirements and expectations, where the expectation is critical to project success (Kloppenborg 2009 p.362). This expectation is divided into three aspects: relationship, communications and lessons learnt. Aaltonen and Sivonen (2009 p.132) defined internal stakeholders as: those who are actively involved in the project implementation and this category of stakeholders usually support the project. The author also inferred that internal stakeholders are also called primary Stakeholders. Examples of primary stakeholders are the project owner, project sponsor and project manager. It could therefore be assumed that Stakeholder Participation specifically by primary stakeholder will increase the chances of success (Unruh 2005 p.413). While the external stakeholders are; members of the project that may affect or be affected by the project Aaltonen and Sivonen (2009 p.132). These are often called secondary stakeholders. Examples of secondary stakeholders are government agencies, suppliers and special interest groups. These classifications will be illustrated in a Figure 3 which shows the level of importance given to primary stakeholders below: Figure 2-Primary and secondary stakeholders (Author) Notwithstanding, neither primary nor secondary stakeholders can stand on its own given todays project environment. A typical example of a primary stakeholder is the project manager who would not be able to proceed if the legislative requirements are not met, this could be in form of risk management system put in place on the construction site. These requirements are set by the government bodies in charge of monitoring and control, they are also known as the secondary stakeholders. Principles of stakeholder management During its years of development, stakeholder management has documented more success than failures in the area of project management (Aaltonen and Sivonen 2009). Due to the diverse nature of this subject matter, stakeholder principle and theories have been sought in national and international policies (Reed 2008). Examples of such success can be seen in research done by Narayan (2007) on Fiji Sugar Corporation; because sugar is the major source of income of Fiji, the presence of many stakeholders in the cooperation is evident but it can also be argued that the effectiveness of the management of all stakeholders present in the cooperation was key to the organisations success. Atkin and Skitmore (2008 p.549) have suggested that project management in the constructions industry has a complex collection of activities required to deliver a construction project. It is therefore conclusive that stakeholder management within the project lifecycle is critical for the success of any construction project. Thus failure of a project manager to manage the concerns of a construction project stakeholder over the years has resulted in a countless number of construction project failures (Atkin and Skitmore 2008; Bourne and Walker, 2005). It must also be noted that stakeholder in the construction industry have the capability to terminate a construction project (Atkin and Skitmore 2008; Lim et al. 2005). A report to the House of Commons by the Committee of Public Accounts (2004) on the issues of Wembley stadium has shown that inadequate planning in the initiation phase of the project lifecycle has lead to stakeholder conflict. Managing stakeholders from the initiation phase of a construction project or any project is essential. Where there is effective stakeholder management, benefits are realised at the end of the project on time, within budget and quality. Due to suggestions made in the previous section by Walker (2007) and McElroy and Mills (2007) that the term stakeholder is difficult to identify, defining stakeholder management will still pose the same difficulty identified by the above authors. Stakeholder Management can be defined as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦as the continuing development of relationships with stakeholders for the purpose of achieving a successful project outcome (McElroy and Mills 2007 p.760) It could be suggested that for stakeholder management to be successful, it must be strategic; various literatures have suggested a process called the Stakeholder management process; this approach is applicable to both internal and external stakeholder (OGC 2010),the stakeholder process(McElroy and Mills 2007 p.772) are listed below and represented in the figure below: Identification of project success criteria. Identification of Resources Requirement. Identify Stakeholders and level of interest Conduct stakeholder Analysis Develop Strategy for Each Stakeholder identified. Table! : Stakeholder Process Explanation Identification of project success criteria McElroy and Mills (2007) suggested that sponsors success criteria should be in terms of time, cost and performance. Identify Resource Requirement Resource requirement maybe classified as tangible item which could include materials and finance (Burke 2007) and intangible resource such as support and emotions (McElroy and Mills 2007). For a project to be successful it could be suggested that a project manager need access to all this resources both tangible and intangible. Identify Stakeholders and interest Levels To identify project stakeholders McElroy and Mills (2007) have suggested that brainstorming key stakeholders and recording all stakeholders and there level of interest into a stakeholder register. To Conduct Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholder Attitude varies from one person to another. Some maybe in support and some in opposition of the project . Using a stakeholder commitment map the project team will be able perform a more effective assessment of current attitude of each stakeholder during the lifecycle phases. McElroy and Mills (2007) Develop Strategy for each Stakeholder After a stakeholder analysis has been carried out, the project team can build its strategies from the analysis. Such strategies can be the communication plan; this would include all the methods of communication to be used and frequency of the communication between the project team and project stakeholders. Stakeholder Management and Project Lifecycle The body of knowledge in project management (PMBOK) have suggested that: Because projects are unique and involve a certain degree of risk, companies such as the construction industry will generally subdivide their projects into several project phases to provide better management control Stakeholder management could be linked to project lifecycle, according to McManus (2004). Jawahar and Mclaughlin (2004) suggested that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦at any given stage in the project lifecycle certain stakeholders will be more important than other Turner (2007) suggested the following phases; the definition phase where the initial objectives are defined by various stakeholder; the design phase according to Turner (2007) would be the matching the objectives with resources; the execution phase, would involve implementation of the actual work and monitoring and controlling of the project by key stakeholders which also include the project manager and finally the closeout phase involves the commissioning and hand over to key stakeholder. Belout and Gauvreau (2003) suggested that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the effect of the critical factors on success varies as the project cycle stages change This can be seen in Figure used to link criterias for success and lifecycle by Belout and Gauvreau (2003) this is illustrated in the Figure below and can be linked to project success as seen below: Figure! : A Link Between Criterias for Success and Lifecycle PROJECT SUCCESS The word project success is an indefinite word to say the least; this has lead to a set of definitions and perspectives by different professionals and academic in the field of project management. According to McManus (2004), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The most successful projects always involve both direct and indirect stakeholders While Yu et al. (2005) suggests that a Project  is a success if its created product adds value to the client, considering the cost to the client at the point of acceptance Ika (2009 p.6) suggested that project success be defined in terms of concepts such as efficiency and effectiveness, Lock (2007 p.5) argues that project success should be defined using the three objectives listed below: Project Completion within the Budget. The project delivered or handed over to customer on time. Good performance, requiring all components of the project to meet the sponsors requirements. Source: Lock (2007, p.5) The author is invariably suggesting that we use the project management triangle seen below in Figure 4 to determine if a project is successful. Figure 3- Success triangle by Lock 2007 (Author) While Lock (2007) and Ika (2009) have presented various ways in which project stakeholders should be defined in the context of project management, Assudani and Kloppenborg (2010) have preferred to summarise their definition of project success in terms project stakeholders. It was suggested that for a project to be successful, it must meet the customers requirements and manage their relationships though effective communication. Accordingly Pinto (2004) went from the Iron triangle suggested by Lock (2007) in Figure 4 and linked it to the benefits gained by the organisation and the project stakeholder(s) at the completion of the project. In a study carried out by Sofia (2003) titled project success in relation with organizational roles and project managers skills and capabilities, the author identified the following in Table 3: Table 1- Project success definition, Source : Sofia (2003) Definition Of Project Success Percentage It meets the target cost, schedule, quality and functionality 88.5% It meet the customers satisfaction 85.9% It creates organisational improvement with the learning from failures and successes (lessons learned) 44.9% It was performed efficiently and effectively 43.6% It succeeds in executing the desired changes because one cannot expect every project to proceed exactly as planned 37.2 Others 7.7% The above table has indicated that studies carried out by Sofia (2003) are in accordance with Lock (2007) and Ika (2009) definitions. This report would define project success as: The satisfaction of stakeholders needs in teams of time, cost, and quality/performance (Lock 2007; Sofia (2003); Ika 2009; Assudani and Kloppenborg 2010; ApmBok 2009). The satisfaction mentioned in the above definition could be suggested to mean the benefit realised at the handover phase of the project. Since projects are unique endeavours (ApmBok 2009), it is right to suggest that satisfying stakeholders requirements using the criterias set aside by the stakeholder should be what success should be measured against. Critical Success factor (CSFs) for construction projects Achieving success is the goal of any project; the construction industry is not different from other industries in achieving success (Yu et al.200). The Apm Bok (2009, p.2) suggested that to satisfy stakeholders, one must have measurable criteria (OGC 2010) to measure success. Since Construction projects have been identified as having issues such as lack of trust, lack of cooperation and ineffective communication which have lead to adversarial relationship among all project stakeholders (Chan et al.2004), partnering with various stakeholders and identifying their view on CSFs using questionnaires (Jing et al. 2010) is important because it gives the project manager a clear view of each stakeholder expectations. Milosevic and Patanakul (2005) suggested that Critical success factors are correlated to a construct of an aggregate measure of  project success According (PMI 2008; Wang and Huang 2009); à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Project success  criteria shall include the golden triangle and key  project stakeholders satisfaction of the  project The following CSFs have been identified from literature and can be employed in the construction industry (Yu et al. 2004; Lock 2007; Hill et al., 2008), these CSFs are listed below: Clear and agreed upon objective. Project requirement must be carefully thought out. Trusting relationship between all members of the project Support from top management Availability of sufficient funds and other resource Technical competence with the project team. Good communication Benefits and Challenges of Stakeholder Management Stakeholder management has both benefits and challenges to construction organisations which are determined by the role played by each stakeholder organisation during the execution of project (Zutshi and Sohal 2002, p.371). The benefits of effective stakeholder management can be linked to an organisation or a countrys financial success (Zutshi and Sohal 2002; Reed et al 2009). Since the construction industry is copious with a sizeable number of stakeholders across the political, social, cultural and economic sector (Moodley et al.2008), identifying those benefits and challenges faced by the construction industry will be a priority for any project manager. Benefits The benefits of stakeholders in the construction industry are explored below thus: Stakeholder Analysis Vollans (2002 p.50-15) suggested that a key benefit of stakeholder management is the principle of analysing stakeholder which simply put is: a technique used to identify and assess the importance of stakeholders Guarded with knowledge gained from analysing various project stakeholders, it could be inferred that the knowledge will be used to make judgement regarding how each stakeholder could help or hinder the project (McElroy and Mills 2007). This early assessment of stakeholders at the planning stage of the project life cycle would identify and improve quality (Vollans 2002) by increasing the level of support from stakeholders and reducing opposition (ApmBok 2009). By identifying each stakeholder and analysing their various interests it could be suggested that this would reduce conflict by resolving issues at an early stage of the project. This analysis must be reviewed throughout the project life cycle phase (ApmBok 2009). Monitoring and Control McElroy and Mills (2007) identified better monitoring and control as a benefit of effective stakeholder management. It is suggested that management of stakeholders with regards to their ever changing interest using project management tools such as change control process and configuration management in conjunction with stakeholder management theories, should enable the project manager manage changes (Zutshi 2004). In the area of cost management, stakeholder management has been able to reduce ambiguity, duplication and waste of resources as a result of conflicts and legal issues (Zutshi 2004; Atkinson 1999) Project Governance Turner (2007) have suggested that Project are governed on behalf of stakeholders which includes owners and contractors The above author also suggested two paradigms of project governance as it relates to organisations. This paradigm suggests that projects are governed on behalf of all stakeholders, which will include both primary and secondary stakeholders. The author suggested that the responsibility of managing this relationship is that of the project manager and project team. This relationship will be managed using the principles of stakeholder management. Challenges In discussing challenges facing stakeholder management in the construction industry the following were identified: Globalization Carson (2002) defined globalisation as: a multidimensional process whereby national resources become more and more internationally mobile while national economies become increasingly interdependent Moodley et al. (2004) in recent studies identified globalisation as a challenge faced by the construction industry and argues that with the ever changing construction industry, recent issues that exists in stakeholder management such as (Communication and Scope Management ) falls within a global context. Since major construction companies in the world including UK construction companies undertake projects in various parts of the world (Steger 2003) and source for materials globally (Moodley et al. 2004), adopting stakeholder management principles and strategies from one region into a new region or culture may lead to failure due to gaps in culture and communication (Tone et al. 2009 p.27). An example of this can be seen in stakeholder management practices adopted during the construction of the Burj Al Arab in Dubai (reference). Effective Knowledge Transfer Some professionals in project management discipline may refer to this as Lessons Leaned. The Ontario health care information (reference) described knowledge transfer as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a process of developing, identifying, and disseminating best practices, and planning, producing, disseminating, and applying existing or new research in stakeholder managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Senaratne and Sexton (2008) stressed the importance of sharing knowledge within the area of stakeholder management and also noted the role of knowledge in managing change in the construction industry. Egbu (2003) also went further to identify change as the key cause of knowledge production in construction projects. It could be suggested that though knowledge is been transferred in projects through journals in project management and the construction journals, key issues concerning individual project and stakeholder management issues and how this issues are resolved are still kept as confidential documents within various organisations resulting in a gap in the management of stakeholders within the construction sector. Organisational Policy Kamann (2007) suggested that; Organizations usually adapt or adjust their objectives and strategy in order to minimize strategic drift These objective and strategy may impact the project adversely (Aaltonen 2010), the stakeholder defines the scope of the work (ApmBok 2009), if this scope is adjusted or strategy changed as suggested by Kamann (2007) on a regular basis, the ApmBok (2009) has suggested that it would lead to what is known as a Scope Creep. The construction industry is known to be complex and full of different stakeholder with different level of power, the policy of organisation can either help to manage stakeholders more effectively or it may result in difference of option and invariably conflict. 2.7 Relationship between Stakeholder Management and Project Success A survey involving 109 professionals on how best to define project success, shows that 88.5% of respondents agreed that project success should be judged on the basis of cost, schedule, quality, functionality (Sofia 2003), the link between stakeholder management process and success cannot be overemphasised (Bones 2007). McElroy and Mills (2007) illustrated the various stakeholder management processes to project success as seen in the figure!!! below : Project Stakeholder Success Criteria Resources Requirement Stakeholder Identification Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholder Strategy Project Success (Author) Figure!! : The Relationship between Stakeholder Management Project Success While (Wit 1988) suggested that: When measuring project success, one must consider the objectives of all stakeholders throughout the project life cycle and at all levels in the management hierarchy The above author also suggested that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it is unlikely that a project can be a complete success for all stakeholders during the entire life of the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The above statement is reinforced by Aaltonen et al. (2008) when the author proposed critical success factors for stakeholder management in the construction industry. Although the depth of literature linking stakeholder management to project success in the construction industry is minimal, but a general literature into the link between stakeholder management and project success (McElroy and Mills 2007), the (ApmBok 2009; OGC 2010) suggested that to satisfy stakeholders, one must have measurable criteria to measure success.

Frankenstein Visits Utopia :: Shelley More Utopia Frankenstein Essays

Introduction â€Å"I HAD DESIRED IT WITH AN ARDOR THAT FAR EXCEEDED MODERATION; BUT NOW THAT I HAD FINISHED, THE BEAUTY OF THE DREAM VANISHED, AND BREATHLESS HORROR AND DISGUST FILLED MY HEART.† This statement by Mary Shelley, from the story Frankenstein, reflects the passions of men to pursue dreams, despite the often imminent consequences of their actions. In Thomas More’s Utopia, the reader experiences a similar tension for an uncertain place called Utopia. This place is described by a visitor to this land, named Raphael, as having a perfect society. How will Frankenstein fit in Utopia? Lets find out from Sir Thomas More, as both he and I can now see Frankenstein’s boat approaching, in return from a six month stay on the island of Utopia. We have not been in contact with Frankenstein since his departure in June. As far as we know, all is well, considering the saying ‘no news is good news.’ Book One More:While we have a few minutes, let me fill you in on some details about the island and its inhabitants, as described by Raphael’s five year visit. I would also like to reveal to you Frankenstein’s plight that led him to flee to such a place as Utopia. I am certain that Frankenstein’s perspective of Utopia will not be as representative as Raphael’s, but the feedback will undoubtedly be quite interesting. Many years ago, I had the opportunity to interview Raphael immediately after his return from Utopia. Over the span of a lunch sitting, Raphael described this island in vivid detail. Some of these descriptions I have long since forgotten due to a fire that engulfed my office, incinerating all my notes from this visit with Raphael. Still, I am quite aware of the wondrous details provided to me by Raphael’s account, including the intricacies of such a well organized and fascinating political system, and the overall quality of life, where nobody owns anything, but everyone is rich. I can never forget Raphael’s statement, â€Å"for what greater wealth can there be than cheerfulness, peace of mind, and freedom from anxiety?† We shall soon see if this statement holds water. On that note, let me begin with the politics of Utopia and then I will brief all the other interesting facets that make this island so unique. I would also like to inform you of my predictions of the effects this island should have on Mr.

Plant Material Essay -- Plants, Seeds

Plant material The seeds of A. precatorius were collected from the medicinal plant garden of Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar, M.P., India. Seeds were sterilized and germinated by following the protocol described in our previous publication .[15] Initiation of A. precatorius cell cultures Different explants from aseptically germinated seeds viz. leaves, epicotyle and petiole were tested for culture initiation by variation in plant growth regulators (PGR) and Agrobacterium mediated transformation. Non-transformed callus cultures were initiated by placing explants on solidified MS medium supplemented separately with the hormones: 1 mg/l naphthalene acetic acid (NAA); 1 mg/l Kinetin (Kn); 0.5 – 2.0 mg/l 2, 4- dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D) and there combinations (Data not shown). For transformation experiments, leaves were excised from 30 d old in vitro germinated plantlets of A. precatorius. A. tumefaciens strains (MTCC 431, MTCC 609, MTCC 2250 and MTCC 2251) were used to establish transformed callus cultures. These strains were procured from Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC), Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India. A minimum of 30 explants were used for each experiment. All explants cultured on sterilized petriplates comprising MS medium solidified with 1.0 % agar and supplemented with 30 g/l sucrose. The pH was adjusted to 5.7 Â ± 0.2. The medium was autoclaved under 15 psig pressure at 121Â ºC for 20 min. The explants were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium strains for infection to induce transformed callus. For this purpose, Agrobacterial colonies were cultured for 48 h on solid nutrient agar medium at 28 Â ± 2Â °C. Ten loopful bacteria were then... ... in a maximum synergistic promotion of glycyrrhizin accumulation i.e. 4.9-fold higher compared to transformed control culture. The present study indicates the potential of these biotechnology-based methodologies for large-scale production of glycyrrhizin. Furthermore, in order to develop a process for commercial production of glycyrrhizin by plant cell cultures some additional yield enhancement strategies may be worked out like, optimization of medium composition, environmental condition and addition of precursors. Acknowledgments The authors are thankful to Dr. Ashish Baldi, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India for his valuable and timely assistance. The author VSK wishes to acknowledge All India Council for Technical Education, New Delhi for providing junior research scholarship.

Liability in Homebuilt Aircraft :: Essays Papers

Liability in Homebuilt Aircraft Homebuilt aircraft are considered to be the fastest growing segment of aviation during the last two decades. Naturally with the increase in these aircraft will also come an increase in accidents. Accidents like the 1997 Long E-Z crash that killed John Denver have raised questions about who is legally liable: the kit manufacturer, amateur builder, or pilot? (Kolczynski, 1) Homebuilt aircraft liability litigation is expected to develop into a booming new industry in the coming future. During the 1970s and 80s production of single engine factory built aircraft has virtually come to a halt. With many product liability lawsuits, which led to large verdicts against the manufacturers of the single engine aircraft, manufacturers slowly dropped out the single engine aircraft business. With no more single engine aircraft being built used single engine aircraft have dramatically increased in price. These events have led to an increase in homebuilt aircraft that cost a fraction of the price of a previously owned Cessna, Beechcraft, or Piper. Another boost to homebuilt aircraft has been the FAA. In the role of promoting air commerce, the FAA has supported regulations and advisory circulars that encourage the development of homebuilt aircraft; for example Advisory Circular 20.27d. (Kolczynski, 2) According to this anybody can buy plans and parts and obtain a special airworthiness certificate to operate the aircraft in the experimental category if the amateur builder doe s more than 50% of the fabrication or assembly, and does solely for his own education or recreation. (Kolczynski, 2) Homebuilt aircraft are built a few different ways. Some of these aircraft are built from scratch using plans from a designer. Others are purchased in kits consisting of plans, pre-fabricated parts, and some raw materials. Once a builder acquirers a kit he/she is required to do the majority of the fabrication and assembly of the kit. During the assembly the homebuilder needs to have the aircraft inspected by a FAA approved inspector. (Kolczynski, 4) A construction log needs to be maintained with photographic documentation of the building process. After the aircraft is completed, it is required to have the marking â€Å"Experimental† on the fuselage. (Kolczynski, 4) Next, the homebuilder must submit a FAA form 8130.7 along with the progress log to the FAA for a post-construction inspection of the new aircraft. After the inspection, a special airworthiness certificate is issued with operating limitations that the airplane may be flown only within a limited geographical te st area for a certain number of hours.

Film Methodologies †Point Break (1991) Essay

Many different methodologies are vital when examining film. Different aspects and methods of cinema analysis provide critics and audiences with various approaches to establishing certain genres or films. This essay will examine the specific methodologies of the action genre, a consideration of the art cinema and an auteur study. These styles are recognized in Kathryn Bigelow’s Point Break (1991) which provides strong examples of these techniques. An action film is commonly recognized by audiences. The action film portrays strong characteristics and identifiable elements unique to the action genre. Fights, stunts, cars, foot chases, sex appeal and explosions are fundamental sequences of the action genre whereas; character development and well thought-out plot lines are often overlooked. The action genre therefore develops a stereotype that characterizes a film by incorporating such certain elements. Bigelow’s Point Break is stereotypically an action film, as it embodies these, and many more aspects essential to the action genre. Many events in Point Break centre on powerful adrenaline pumping action sequences. Fighting takes place frequently and in many different environments. These situations build tension and provide entertainment. Fist fighting is not the only conflict confronted in Bigelow’s film. Shootouts involving rifles, pistols and shotguns are believed to be essential classics to a good action film. The predominant theme of bank robbery incorporates a mixed bag of violence, weapons and aggressive language. These events evoke powerful emotions from all characters on-screen, creating stronger action elements. Stunts involving explosions intrigue audiences. The imagery of a building or car exploding into the air is typically high intensity action. The situation before, during and after such events provides compelling entertainment. High spectacle stunts and effects are commonplace in the action genre such as Point Break. Both car and foot pursuits are worth noting in the films action archive. High speed car chases deliver an adrenaline and intensity only action audiences are frequent too. This intensity in Bigelow’s film heightens during the foot chase between Reeves and Swayze. Finally, sex appeal and the portrayal of the human body in the film, provides a core of entertainment in Point Break. Through its social theme of surfing and its objectification of both topless men and women, the genre contributes to its already profound stenotype. We must consider these themes in relation to an action genre study to entirely understand and examine and analyze the film Point Break; however, these are not the only themes and features to consider when establishing methodologies specific to the action genre. There are elements of art house technique evident in Bigelow’s Point Break. Although typically an action genre film, it not only controls emotion, mood and style through themes and events on screen but also through its use of audio and visual manipulation. Focusing on visual styles Bigelow echoes a complexity, often introducing elements resembling art house aesthetics. The less conventional filming methods utilized in Point Break reveals an array of long shots, point of view shots, use of intensified continuity and quick cutting. The films themes primarily revolve around the typical action genre story which provides the film with a lot of its power. However, it is worth taking into account what and how these art cinema traits take affect to an audience in Bigelow’s film. Long shots, usually of conversations frequently occur throughout Point Break. These shots sustain a level of depth many other films lack in the action genre. For example, during the fourth scene there is a long pan between Reeves and his partner. This could be used as a rendition of the conventional shot-reverse-shot film technique. The camera moves from left ? right slowly however, because the camera is moving on a semi circle dolly track, we are able to view the conversation from an array of different angles. This stops the need for frequent cutting between shots and shot sizes. Long takes and shot size manipulation are well known examples of art cinema examples in Point Break. Although not common in the action genre, they are uniquely obvious in this film. A framed long shot of Reeves and Swayze stays stationary as they walked towards camera, however the camera continues to frame them from long wide shot ? mid shot. This is very interesting as conventional cinema pieces tend to change shot angles and sizes frequently to make their films visually entertaining. Handheld point of view (POV) shots balance emotion and intensity with reality. Through the use of first person perspectives, Bigelow is truly able to direct audience’s attention and emotions. This method of filmmaking provides a uniquely odd action characteristic. Bank robbery is one of the main themes in Bigelow’s Point Break. The intense topic of armed robbery and violence creates powerful emotions. Intensified continuity and frame cutting allows Bigelow’s film to multiply tension and fear while its being played out onscreen. Shot sizes change repeatedly giving strength to specific visual keys and detail. Bigelow’s attention to vision extends to even the smallest technical details in Point Break. Thus scenes of heightened intensity can not only be controlled by what characters and events are taking place, but that of the camera movement and sound direction. These are the technical elements of art cinema throughout Point Break. Finally, by examining the auteur study of Point Break we must analyze the films director and creative owner. In this auteur study we will examine Kathryn Bigelow, her previous works and inspirations in tie to Point Break. The director was born in California in 1952 and is one of the only female directors to achieve successful Hollywood fame. Her films usually concern the male dominated arena of big budget action cinema. Bigelow has been noted to revise genres similar to violence, voyeurism and sexual politics. Point Break’s genre mix of bank robbery and surfing makes it obvious that Bigelow has a desire to consistently approach and push cinematic boundaries. Her marriage to big time director James Cameron could have provided Bigelow with a stepping stone into the industries top elite. Bigelow first entered the cinema by way of the art world. Her flair for traditional masculine genres in respect to Point Break is exampled by her previous works such as Blue Steel (1990) and art house film The Loveless (1981). Both films clearly represent Bigelow’s style of masculinity action mixed with art house cinema. Bigelow is essentially an important contemporary auteur. In conclusion, methodologies are vital when examining film. Throughout this essay we have analyzed the action genre, a consideration of art cinema and an auteur study. All these methodologies are recognized in Kathryn Bigelow’s Point Break (1991). By concluding with these studies we have deduced that different aspects and methods of cinema analysis provide critics and audiences with various approaches when establishing genre and film. References Allon, Y. Patterson, H. Cullen, D. Contemporary North American Film Directors: A Wallflower Critical Guide. n/a. Published: Wallflower Press n/a. 2003. {http://qqq. cercles. com/review/r11/jermyn. html} n/a {http://movies. yahoo. com/movie/contributor/1800091098/bio} A Strange Gaze. {http://www. popmatters. com/pm/books/reviews/39697/cinema-of-kathryn-bigelow/} 5. 10. 07

Puritan Life

The expansion of literacy Influenced Puritans to become more involved in society, as most began to read the bible. As Christians, colonists of New England In the 17th century, felt compelled to be devoted to god In all possible manners; thus resulting In the formation of a tight knit community that was centered on the church.This united sense within the community spread, according to John Winthrop, It was the will of God; God had Intended for man to unite as one to better serve him, In order for them not to lose God's support Puritans must come together In all circumstances, be It miracle or tragedy. Puritans felt God had a Lana for their lives, that he had led them to the New world with great Intentions for them: feeling God had led them to the place they came to call home, Puritans sought out to discover the purpose God had brought them here.In doing so they developed a theory that God had determined they be bestowed with literacy, leaving illiterate ministries in the past (as note d in A Statement about Education in New England. 1643). The expansion of literacy influenced Puritans to become more involved in society, as most began to read the bible. As Christians, colonists of New England in the 1 7th century, felt compelled to be devoted to god in all possible manners; thus resulting in the formation of a tight knit community that was centered on the church.This united sense within the community spread, according to John Winthrop, it was the will of God; God had intended for man to unite as one to better serve him, in order for them not to lose God's support Puritans must come together in all circumstances, be it miracle or tragedy. Puritans felt God had a plan for their lives, hat he had led them to the New World with great intentions for them; feeling God had led them to the place they came to call home, Puritans sought out to discover the purpose God had brought them here.In doing so they developed a theory that God had determined they be bestowed with lit eracy, leaving illiterate ministries In the past (as noted in A Statement about Education in New England, 1643). The expansion of literacy influenced Puritans to become more Involved in society, as most began to read the bible. As Christians, colonists of New England In the 17th century, felt impelled to be devoted to god in all possible manners; thus resulting In the formation of a tight knit community that was centered on the church.This united sense within the community spread, according to John Winthrop, It was the will of God; God had Intended for man to unite as one to better serve him, In order for them not to lose God's support Puritans must come together In all circumstances, be It miracle or tragedy-puritans felt God had a plan for their lives, that he had led them to the New World with great Intentions for them; feeling God had led them to the place hey came to call home, Puritans sought out to discover the purpose God had brought them here.In doing so they developed a th eory that God had determined they be Statement about Education in New England, 1643). The expansion of literacy influenced Puritans to become more involved in society, as most began to read the bible. As Christians, colonists of New England in the 17th century, felt compelled to be devoted to god in all possible manners; thus resulting in the formation of a tight knit community that was centered on the church.This united sense within the immunity spread, according to John Winthrop, it was the will of God; God had intended for man to unite as one to better serve him, in order for them not to lose God's support Puritans must come together in all circumstances, be it miracle or tragedy. Puritans felt God had a plan for their lives, that he had led them to the New World with great intentions for them; feeling God had led them to the place they came to call home, Puritans sought out to discover the purpose God had brought bestowed with literacy, leaving illiterate ministries in the past (as noted in A tragedy.

Malaysia a Multi-Cultural Country

Malaysia is a tropical country with around 25million people. Malaysia located at Southeast Asia, peninsula bordering Thailand and Northern one-third of island of Borneo, bordering Indonesia, Brunei, South China Sea and South of Vietnam. Malaysia separated in two islands just similar as New Zealand, the only difference is West and East Malaysia and they are sharing the island with other countries as has mentioned before. The capital city (Kuala Lumpur) is located in West Malaysia, and Sabah (Borneo) and Kuching (capital city of East Malaysia) are located in Sarawak (East Malaysia). The major religious in Malaysia are Muslims, Buddhists, Christians, and Hindu. Malaysian official language is Malay, and English the second. Apart from Chinese, Indian and Malay, there are several native cultural such as Iban, Bidayuh, Kadasan, and so on. This essay is going to give the foundation idea of three main cultural and also a briefly talking about Iban people. Malay or Melayu called themselves the â€Å"bumiputeras’’ in Malaysia, bumi in Malay language means earth, and putera means prince or son. Overall it means â€Å"The Son of Earth†. The population has consisted around 60% (including indigenous people of the land) and the other cultural are consisted the rest of the percentage. Most of Malays in Malaysia are Muslims. If anyone has fall in love and want to be married with Muslim, he or she will be forced to become a Muslim. Or else the Muslim parents in law or even the Muslim community would not accept this marriage. I had a Chinese teacher when I studied in Malaysia; she has married to my Muslim teacher who taught me Malay language. She was an atheist, she did not join any religious but because of the marriage she had to join the Muslim. I asked her before about if she is regretted, but she told me she will not regret of what she has chosen. ‘’I am not, and I will not regret as long as I am with my husband,’’ my Chinese teacher said that to me. Therefore I personally think that she is a brave lady, because she has to change her eating habit. Eating or touching pork and dog (especially their wet nose and faces) are forbidden for Muslims. The Malay words â€Å"tidak suci†. Tidak means not, and suci means pure. Therefore if any Muslim has touched these animals would consider as unclean or impure. They believe that they would need to renew their ablution or change their clothes as the spit of the dog can contain some impurities. There is a specific reason of why Muslims having this rule, Islam (Muslim) teaches how to attain the virtues and how to give up bad habits because both good and bad grow in the man according to his upbringing, education and environment. Ramadan (Arabic language) means the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. Every year around that month, Muslim would be Fasting or dieting. Fasting breaks into three abstains, which are food and drink, sexual intercourse, and masturbation (most scholars said that this is not allowed even when not fasting). Muslims eats once before the sun rise and another one after the sunset. After the sunset, they could eat if they have done their prayer. Muslims are recommended to eat dates before breaks the fasting. For the Muslims who are sick or pregnant, there is no way to escape the Ramadan fasting. However, they could postpone the Ramadan fasting period. As long as to ensure they will do it for a month or at least 29 days. There is no official date for celebrating the Break Ramadan Festival; it depends on the moon after 29 or 30 days. It quite often happens during the student’s long break for the year around December. Chinese (known as Malaysian Chinese) are the second main cultural in Malaysia, they were originally from China. British brought them from Southern China for work-force in tin mining between the fifteenth and the mid-twentieth century’s. Most Chinese are very successful in the business or trading area, if you have visited in Malaysias most of the department stores or shops are owned by Chinese. They are the richest when it comes to a comparative between the different cultural. Malay is the official language; however it is unsurprised that Chinese are still speaking their languages. Chinese language divides in Cantonese, Hokkien, Foochow, Hakka, etc. All those languages could identify which place they were from origin. Most of Chinese are Buddhists and Taoism, a few percentages of Christians and a little percentage of Muslims. Malaysian Chinese do celebrate Chinese New Year; the public holiday is normally three to four days. For more days of holiday, the Chinese schools would have to write the letter to get the permission from Ministry of Education. Before the first day of Chinese New Year, all the Chinese recommend to be at home for dinner at night. It means a family reunion after the busy days with working for whole year, but not many Chinese could make it because they have their different reasons. It could be because some of the people are working far away from home, and they do not have holiday so they could not make it. Why do Chinese celebrate the Chinese New Year? There is a legendary story of a long time ago, Chinese were living in peacefully in town but suddenly a wild animal called â€Å"Nian† (it spells as â€Å"Knee-Yen’’ in English), Nian by itself means year. People called it Nian because it came once a year to attack or eat people. Once, somehow a man discovered that Nian scared of something red in colour and a loud sound of beating. So every around that day, people would wear red clothes and red decoration around house such as red lanterns. Nian came and saw the town is full of red and also heard the sound of beating or banging sound. Year by year has passed, Nian does not come anymore. Chinese were very happy and excited; they could not believe their eyes. That is how Chinese New Year came from; Chinese celebrates it with the lion dance and wears red. The house is full of red decorations, through generations people changed the style of decoration. They make it prettier and stylish. Nowadays, people could not care less about Chinese New Year. It does not matter if they do not wear red clothes during the first day of the Chinese New Year. Some people that dislike the red colour have decided to wear in pink or other colourful clothes. People created Lion dance to celebrate their happiness and they used drums and gongs to make the loud sound instead of other way like using the wood stick to beat the cooking pots. Malaysian Indians were also brought by British to work in rubber plantations. Most of them were originally Southern Indian. The overwhelming majority of migrants from India were ethnic Tamil. If you have seen Tamil, their skin tones are definitely darker than other Indians. Most of them are Hinduism, and some of them are Christians and Muslims. Malaysian Indians celebrate Deepavali (Festival of Lights) once a year. In Hinduism, Indians celebrates the return of Lord Rama to his kingdom after defeating Ravana (the demon king). A long time ago there lived a cruel King who often killed many people without a special reason. Because many people were killed, the rest of the people were so terrified so they prayed to the Lord Ravana and hoped to get helped. Why it is called The Festival of Lights? Because long time ago people were warmly welcoming the return of Lord Rama with all the candle lights, it was very dark in the night. The celebration of Deepavali lasts six days, beginning on the 12th day of the month (North Indian lunar calendar). According to the Hindu Lunar Calendar, Deepavali is celebrated for 5 days. It is a public holiday in Malaysia as well, this year the public holiday will be on fifth of November. Most of Hinduism does not eat beef; I heard my Hindu said that they think the cow is a holy animal that has been given from God. Iban also known as ‘’Sea Dayak’’, they used to live in a long wooden house aside the rivers or coasting area and living by fishing, farming and hunting. Talking about hunting, they were traditionally head hunters. Long time ago, they used to collect skulls and hung it up to the ceiling. That were from the old days, Iban men would have a fight for a land, they not only win land through the battle, but they win for preserve the land. The winner wins the head off of the loser, and people would treat and respect him as a hero. However it is forbidden to do that activity now and they are very friendly and hospitable. Apart from Malay language, most of them could speak English because it is an international language. Some of Iban people even speak mandarin well; because they have been studied in a Chinese primary school before. Iban people have a big celebration which is Gawai (Harvest Festival), is one of the big ceremonies or occasions. The day is coming soon this year, and it is a public holiday in East Malaysia only. It will be celebrated on the first of June. That is when it comes to the harvest season, they would celebrate it with ‘’Tuak’’. It is handmade sweet rice wine. If you come to visit them, by the entrance they would serve you Tuak and you better do not refuse to have it. Or else they would think you are not respecting their kind offer.

Key Dimensions

It is a matter of fact that change is essential and inevitable part of the modern society and it significance is really dominant and great. Every public and private companies/organizations are subjected to rapid and frequent changes, because the world changes as well. A location and size of company doesn’t matter. Simply saying, it is practically impossible for the company to avoid changes, because they are phenomena which are universally accepted. Modern managers are working on finding ways how to staff a sense of control over changing situations. Actually resistance to change doesn’t mean that that the staff is against them, it means that they object only the way the changes are implemented. (Organizational Change 2006)Staff resists to changes simply because the reason for the change is unclear for them. Negative reactions can be caused by, for example, by ambiguity in jobs, costs and equipment.   The next reason is that staff wasn’t consulted about the possi ble changes and they appear to be an accomplished fact. It means that employees are willing to know what is going on in organization, especially if their jobs may be affected.The third reason of resistance is when the possible changes may threaten the existing patterns of working relationships between employees. People resist to changes also when they are not satisfied with personnel, monies and timetables or when the benefits for introducing changes are inadequate for the involved trouble. Especially staff is against changes when their power or status in organization is affected. Therefore, managers should tactfully introduce changes so that the majority of employees will be satisfied.(Rosenberg 20)The most important task for managers is to make their firms learning organizations. There are many tactics and approaches, but the most proper approach is to teach the staff well providing relevant stimuli for such learning. Different teaching and education programs may be successfully i mplemented. Also bonuses and personal approvals are allowed. Employees actually should be highly motivated. (Yerkes 462)Innovations are very important if the firm/organization wants to remain competitive in modern environment. Innovation is introduction of new methods and things with a definite purpose to improve the organization’s performance. Innovation is combination of knowledge applied to new service, processes and products.Organizational innovation involves creative ideas in order to make â€Å"tangible difference in the domain in which the innovation occurs†. (Hyde 64) Innovation is characterized by the following issues: relative advantage meaning that innovations have to produce significant improvements to be adapted; simplicity meaning that innovation should be easily understood and presented; inexpensiveness; easy to try meaning that new method should be easily introduced and abandoned if necessary; easy to measure meaning that benefits such as time, efficien cy and money should be easily calculated.(Hyde 64)It is apparent that stresses are also inevitable part in each organization. There are many potential sources of stress within organizational structure. For example, organization size may be a stressor.   Large organizations sometimes cause the sense of helplessness among employees. The next source is technology used by an organization for products or service production. Design of organization may negatively affect employees creating the sense of being controlled as a machine.The additional stress sources are personal conflicts, job design and work roles. (Laurus 773) It is known that stresses have negative results as they are the reasons of high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, stomach ulcers and heart attacks. Stress results also in depressions and anxieties as well as sleeplessness may worsen cognitive functioning. In the result a person may lose concentration and confidence in decision-making. There are many ways to mana ge stress such as, for example, altering stressors themselves, altering moderators of the stressors, lessening individual’s responses and alleviating the stress consequences. Organization can manage stress by providing support services, conflict resolution and cognitive therapy. (Kahn et al. 99)ReferencesAdaptation to change (2006) Bitpipe White papers online, Retrieved September, 30, from http://www.bitpipe.com/rlist/term/Change-Management.html?psrc=RTP.Hyde, A.C. (2002) Understanding Innovation in Management. The Public Manager, 31, 3, 64.  James Morrison, & Ian Wilson. (1996) The Strategic Management Response to the Challenge of Global Change, Strategic Management, 7, 3, 25-27.Kahn, R.L., Wolfe, R.P., Quinn, R.P., Snoek, J.D., & Rosenthal, R.A. (1964). Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity. New York: Wiley, 98-102.Lazarus, R.S., DeLongis, A., Folkman, S., & Gruen, R. (1985). Stress and Adaptational Outcomes: The Problems of Confounded Measures.   American Psychologist, 40, 770-779.Organizational change management (2006) Journal of Organizational Change Management, Emerald Group Publishing Limited Retrieved September, 30, from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/info/journals/jocm/jocm.jspRosenberg, Deanne. (1993, January) Eliminating Resistance to Change. Security Management, 37, 1, 20-23.Yerkes, R.M. & Dodson, J.D. (1988). The Relation of Strength of Stimulus to Rapidity of Habit-Formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18, 459-482.